Focuses on how exercise, therapeutic recreation, and mind–body movement influence physical function, brain health, psychosocial well-being, and quality of life in aging populations with and without disabilities, with emphasis on maintaining functional independence and healthy aging.

Key Findings:

  • Exercise interventions such as stationary cycling and assisted cycling therapy improve manual dexterity, adaptive behavior, and self-efficacy in adolescents, adults, and older adults with Down syndrome.
  • Mind–body exercise (Tai Chi) demonstrates measurable effects on brain activity and neural mechanisms in healthy older adults.
  • Physical activity supports functional performance, including walking ability and fine motor control, which are critical for independent living.
  • Wellness-oriented programs positively influence exercise perceptions, confidence, and psychosocial health, supporting long-term participation.
  • Both traditional and non-traditional exercise modalities contribute to neurofunctional and quality-of-life outcomes in aging populations.

Interesting Outcome:

Both aerobic cycling therapy and Tai Chi–based mind–body exercise show evidence of influencing brain-related and functional outcomes, suggesting multiple accessible pathways to support healthy aging.

Representative Publications:

  • Chen, C.-C. (JJ), Ringenbach, S. D. R., Arnoldb, N. E., & Nam, K. (2022). Stationary Cycling Exercise Improved Manual Dexterity in Older Adults with Down Syndrome. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 34(4), 705–716.
  • Ringenbach, S. D. R., Arnold, N. E., Tucker, K., Rand, M. K., Studenka, B. E., Ringenbach, S. B., & Chen, C.-C. (JJ). (2023). Assisted Cycle Therapy Improved Self-efficacy and Exercise Perception in Middle-age adults with Down syndrome. Brain Sciences, 13(12), 1719.
  • Pan, Z., Su, X., Fang, Q., Hou, L., Lee, Y., Chen, C.-C. (JJ), Lamberth, J., & Kim, M. L. (2018). The Effects of Tai Chi Intervention on Healthy Elderly by Means of Neuroimaging and EEG: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 10, 110.